Elevation difference = horizontal distance × tan(vertical angle) + instrument height − target height. Sighting a point 50 m away at +5°, with instrument and target both 1.5 m high, the point is 4.374 m higher: RL 104.374 from a station at 100.000, 50.19 m away along the slope.
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Δh = HD × tan α + HI − HT = 50.00 m × tan 5.00° + 1.500 m − 1.500 m = 4.374 m
Target RL = 100.000 m + 4.374 m = 104.374 m
Slope distance = HD ÷ cos α = 50.19 m
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Formula
Δh = HD × tan(α) + HI − HTTarget level = station level + ΔhSlope distance = HD ÷ cos(α)
Worked Example
Horizontal distance 50 m, vertical angle +5°, instrument 1.5 m, target 1.5 m, station RL 100.000:
Δh = 50 × tan 5° + 1.5 − 1.5 = 4.374 m
Target RL = 104.374 m
Slope distance = 50 ÷ cos 5° = 50.19 m
Height Change per 100 m of Horizontal Distance
Vertical angle
Δh per 100 m
1°
1.746 m
2°
3.492 m
5°
8.749 m
10°
17.633 m
15°
26.795 m
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you calculate elevation difference with a total station?
Δh = HD × tan(α) + HI − HT, where HD is the horizontal distance, α the vertical angle above or below horizontal, HI the instrument height and HT the target (prism) height.
What if my instrument gives a zenith angle?
Convert it to a vertical angle first: vertical angle = 90° − zenith angle. A zenith reading of 85° is +5°.
When do I need curvature and refraction corrections?
Over long sights, roughly beyond 300 m. The combined correction is about 0.0675 × d² metres with d in kilometres: 6.75 mm at 316 m, 67.5 mm at 1 km.